Factors Shaping Project Manager Salaries in Hungary: The Role of Certification, Experience, and Other Key Attributes
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31181/dmame8220251526Keywords:
Career, Job Satisfaction, Certifications, Project Management Professional, Salary, Total CompensationAbstract
Research on the determinants of wages remains relatively limited, particularly within Central and Eastern Europe. This study addresses this gap by examining the personal factors that influence both salary levels and overall remuneration of project managers. The investigation employed two perspectives, one centred on corporate positions and the other on the project management discipline. Data were collected from Hungarian project managers using the 11th edition of the Project Management Institute’s Salary Survey questionnaire. A total of 257 valid responses were analysed through descriptive statistics and multivariate methods. The results revealed several variables with a significant effect on salary and total compensation. In relation to salary, eight factors were identified: possession of a PMP® certification (13%), length of professional experience (2% per year), years of project management experience (1–2% per year), along with five specific job positions (21–33%). For total compensation, six key determinants were found: PMP® certification (15–16%), work experience (2% per year), project management experience (2% per year), weekly working hours (0.6% per hour), portfolio management competence (12%), non-predictive approaches such as agile, iterative or incremental methods (10–13%), and risk management competence (13–14%). These insights are valuable for project management practitioners when negotiating remuneration and also provide a basis for researchers and human resource specialists to enhance salary and benefits estimation models.
Downloads
References
[1] Görög, M., & PMI-RMP, P.-S. (2013a). Strategic-Oriented Implementation of Projects. https://www.amazon.in/Strategic-Oriented-Implementation-Projects-Mihaly-Gorog/dp/1935589873
[2] Institute, P. M. (2021a). Project Management Body of Knowledge (Vol. 7). https://www.pmi.org/standards/pmbok
[3] Szabó, L., & Cserháti, G. (2013). Stratégiai projektek irányítása-a projektvezetés kihívásai. Vezetéstudomány/Budapest Management Review, 44(6), 6-13. https://unipub.lib.uni-corvinus.hu/7167/
[4] Akzambekkyzy, A., Vasa, L., Forrest, J., Sarkambayeva, S., & Singh, S. (2024). Impact of Projects with Future Potential on the Global Competitiveness Index of Countries. Emerging Science Journal, 8(2), 557-573. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/ESJ-2024-08-02-012
[5] Tešić, D., Delibašić, B., Božanić, D., Lojić, R., Pamučar, D., & Balassa, B. E. (2023). Application of the FUCOM-FUZZY MAIRCA model in human resource management. Acta Polytechnica Hungarica, 20(3), 231-249. https://doi.org/10.12700/APH.20.3.2023.3.14
[6] Wang, T., Xu, J., He, Q., Chan, A. P., & Owusu, E. K. (2023). Studies on the success criteria and critical success factors for mega infrastructure construction projects: A literature review. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 30(5), 1809-1834. https://doi.org/10.1108/ECAM-12-2020-1042
[7] Fekete, I., & Szontágh, P. (2020). Projektek Programszintű Kockázatmenedzsmentje. Vezetéstudomány/Budapest Management Review, 51(2). https://doi.org/10.14267/VEZTUD.2020.02.04
[8] Khalilzadeh, M., Banihashemi, S. A., & Božanić, D. (2024). A step-by-step hybrid approach based on multi-criteria decision-making methods and a bi-objective optimization model to project risk management. Decision Making: Applications in Management and Engineering, 7(1), 442-472. https://doi.org/10.31181/dmame712024884
[9] Mashali, A., Elbeltagi, E., Motawa, I., & Elshikh, M. (2023). Stakeholder management challenges in mega construction projects: critical success factors. Journal of engineering, design and technology, 21(2), 358-375. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEDT-09-2021-0483
[10] Silvius, G., Magano, J., & Silvius-Zuchi, D. (2025). Integrating Sustainability in Project Management; The Contribution and Interactions of Different Roles. Procedia Computer Science, 256, 1534-1541. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2025.02.288
[11] Gaddis, P. O. (1959). The Project Manager. Harvard Business Review, 37(3), 89-97. https://www.scirp.org/reference/referencespapers?referenceid=3759020
[12] M. Jarkas, A., Radosavljevic, M., & Wuyi, L. (2014). Prominent demotivational factors influencing the productivity of construction project managers in Qatar. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 63(8), 1070-1090. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPPM-11-2013-0187
[13] Maslow, A. H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological review, 50(4), 370. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/h0054346
[14] Seubert, C., Hopfgartner, L, & Glaser, J. (2021). Living wages, decent work, and need satisfaction: an integrated perspective. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 30(6), 808-823. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2021.1966094
[15] Asaari, M., Desa, N. M., & Subramaniam, L. (2019). Influence of salary, promotion, and recognition toward work motivation among government trade agency employees. International Journal of Business and Management, 14(4), 48-59. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v14n4p48
[16] Herzberg, F. (1987). One more time: how do you motivate employees? (Vol. 65). Harvard Business Review Boston. https://werkwelzijnenmotivatie.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/herzberg-1987.pdf
[17] Globerson, S. (1983). Developing an incentive scheme for a project. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284958260
[18] Crawford, L. (2005). Competition, Comparison, Collaboration - Mapping a Pathway through Project Management Standards. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 74, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.03.004
[19] Carden, L. L., & Callahan, J. (2006). Project management salary predictors: Career development activities and extrinsic reward. Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on HRD Research and Practice across Europe (22-24 May 2006). https://www.ufhrd.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2008/06/17-1_carden_callahan.pdf
[20] Hölzle, K. (2010). Designing and implementing a career path for project managers. International Journal of Project Management, 28(8), 779-786. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2010.05.004
[21] Thomas, S., & Durai, F. A. P. (2023). Conflict Management in MSME: An Empirical Study. SEDME (Small Enterprises Development, Management & Extension Journal), 50(2), 146-156. https://doi.org/10.1177/09708464231167952
[22] Mahaney, R. C., & Greer, B. M. (2004). Examining the benefits of project management professional (PMP) certification for IS project managers and organizations. Journal of International Information Management, 13(4), 4. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/jiim/vol13/iss4/4/
[23] Alananzeh, O. A., Almuhaisen, F., Jawabreh, O., Fahmawee, E., Ali, B., & Ali, A. (2023). The impact of job stability, work environment, administration, salary and incentives, functional justice, and employee expectation on the security staff’s desire to continue working at the hotel. Journal of Statistics Applications & Probability, 12(2), 425-439. http://dx.doi.org/10.18576/jsap/120209
[24] Cullen, Z., & Perez-Truglia, R. (2022). How much does your boss make? The effects of salary comparisons. Journal of Political Economy, 130(3), 766-822. https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/717891
[25] Ardis, S. L., (2001). Project Management Salaries Worldwide. Compensation & Benefits Review, 33(5), 70-72. https://doi.org/10.1177/08863680122098559
[26] Kazaz, A., & Acıkara, T. (2015). Comparison of labor productivity perspectives of project managers and craft workers in Turkish construction industry. Procedia computer science, 64, 491-496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2015.08.548
[27] Bilbo, D., Bigelow, B. F., Rybkowski, Z., & Kamranzadeh, A. (2014). Effects of family-related factors on female project managers’ salaries in the construction industry in the United States. International Journal of Construction Education and Research, 10(4), 255-267. https://doi.org/10.1080/15578771.2014.886641
[28] Parshakov, P., Gasparetto, T., Votintseva, N., & Shakina, E. (2024). Beyond the pitch: Exploring the role of beauty in soccer player salaries. Journal of Economic Psychology, 101, 102709. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2024.102709
[29] Su, J., Jiang, J., Zhang, B., & Cao, L. (2023). Industry salary gap incentive and enterprise innovation. Journal of Asian Economics, 87, 101633. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asieco.2023.101633
[30] Casula, M., Rangarajan, N., & Shields, P. (2020). The potential of working hypotheses for deductive exploratory research. Quality & quantity, 55(5), 1703. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-020-01072-9
[31] Sainani, K. L. (2014). Explanatory versus predictive modeling. PM&R, 6(9), 841-844. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmrj.2014.08.941
[32] Institute, P. M. (2020). Earning Power Project Management Salary Survey Eleventh Edition. . https://www.pmi.org/-/media/pmi/documents/public/pdf/learning/pmi-salary-survey-11th-edition-report.pdf
[33] Karki, S., & Hadikusumo, B. (2023). Machine learning for the identification of competent project managers for construction projects in Nepal. Construction Innovation, 23(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1108/CI-08-2020-0139
[34] Van Laar, E., Van Deursen, A. J., Van Dijk, J. A., & De Haan, J. (2020). Measuring the levels of 21st-century digital skills among professionals working within the creative industries: A performance-based approach. Poetics, 81, 101434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.poetic.2020.101434
[35] Spencer, L. M., & Spencer, S. M. (1993). Competence at work : models for superior performance. Wiley. https://www.wiley.com/en-us/Competence+at+Work%3A+Models+for+Superior+Performance-p-9780471548096
[36] Midhat Ali, M., Qureshi, S. M., Memon, M. S., Mari, S. I., & Ramzan, M. B. (2021). Competency framework development for effective human resource management. SAGE open, 11(2), 21582440211006124. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440211006124
[37] Moghabghab, R., Tong, A., Hallaran, A., & Anderson, J. (2018). The difference between competency and competence: A regulatory perspective. Journal of nursing regulation, 9(2), 54-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2155-8256(18)30118-2
[38] Levitt, R., Pollack, J., & Whyte, J. (2024). Leadership and the dynamics of projects: Ray Levitt's insights on project leadership. Project Leadership and Society, 5, 100131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plas.2024.100131
[39] Görög, M. (2013b). Projektvezetés a szervezetekben. Budapest: Panem Könyvkiadó. https://m2.mtmt.hu/gui2/?type=authors&mode=browse&sel=10007475
[40] Davies, H. K., Posillico, J. J., & Edwards, D. J. (2025). Soft Skills for Teams in Public Linear Infrastructure: The Development of a Decision Support Tool. Buildings, 15(7), 1197. https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/7/1197
[41] Haider, S. A., Tehseen, S., Koay, K. Y., Poulova, P., & Afsar, B. (2024). Impact of project managers emotional intelligence on megaprojects success through mediating role of human related agile challenges: Project management as a moderator. Acta Psychologica, 247, 104305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104305
[42] Boyatzis, R., & McKee, A. (2002). Primal leadership: Realizing the power of emotional intelligence. https://www.sidalc.net/search/Record/KOHA-OAI-BVE:32280/Description
[43] Sverrisdottir, H. S., Ingason, H. T., & Jonasson, H. I. (2014). The role of the product owner in scrum-comparison between theory and practices. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 119, 257-267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.03.030
[44] Sampaio, S., Wu, Q., Cormican, K., & Varajão, J. (2022). Reach for the sky: analysis of behavioral competencies linked to project success. International Journal of Managing Projects in Business, 15(1), 192-215. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJMPB-09-2020-0276
[45] Jensen, T. M., Metz, A. J., & Albers, B. (2024). Development and psychometric evaluation of the Implementation Support Competencies Assessment. Implementation Science, 19(1), 58. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13012-024-01390-8
[46] Sitohang, Y. F., Pratami, D., & Bay, A. F. (2020). Competency evaluation of project manager performance in network construction projects. 2020 Fifth International Conference on Informatics and Computing (ICIC), 1728180473. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIC50835.2020.9288580
[47] Sołtysik, M., Zakrzewska, M., Sagan, A., & Jarosz, S. (2020). Assessment of project manager’s competence in the context of individual competence baseline. Education Sciences, 10(5), 146. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci10050146
[48] VakilZadeh, M., Shayanfar, M., Zabihi-Samani, M., & Ravanshadnia, M. (2023). Competency-based selection and assignment for project manager in Iranian railways projects by genetic multigenic programming. Decision Making: Applications in Management and Engineering, 6(2), 808-827. https://doi.org/10.31181/dmame622023727
[49] Patanakul, P., Pinto, J. K., & Pinto, M. B. (2016). Motivation to perform in a multiple-project environment: The impact of autonomy, support, goal clarity, and opportunities for learning. Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 39, 65-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jengtecman.2016.02.001
[50] Procaccino, J. D., & Verner, J. M. (2006). Software project managers and project success: An exploratory study. Journal of Systems and Software, 79(11), 1541-1551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2006.01.010
[51] Pankratz, O., & Basten, D. (2018). Opening the black box: Managers’ perceptions of IS project success mechanisms. Information & Management, 55(3), 381-395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2017.09.005
[52] Verner, J. M., Babar, M. A., Cerpa, N., Hall, T., & Beecham, S. (2014). Factors that motivate software engineering teams: A four country empirical study. Journal of Systems and Software, 92, 115-127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2014.01.008
[53] Elsahoryi, N. A., Alathamneh, A., Mahmoud, I., & Hammad, F. (2022). Association of salary and intention to stay with the job satisfaction of the dietitians in Jordan: A cross-sectional study. Health Policy OPEN, 3, 100058. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hpopen.2021.100058
[54] Fey, C. F. (2005). Opening the black box of motivation: A cross-cultural comparison of Sweden and Russia. International Business Review, 14(3), 345-367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2005.03.004
[55] Mask, J. (2023). Salary history bans and healing scars from past recessions. Labour Economics, 84, 102408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2023.102408
[56] Fumas, V. S. (1993). Incentives and supervision in hierarchies. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 21(3), 315-331. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-2681(93)90055-T
[57] Kanagaretnam, K., & Sarkar, S. (2011). Managerial compensation and the underinvestment problem. Economic Modelling, 28(1-2), 308-315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2010.08.017
[58] Xu, J., & Lu, W. (2023). How Does Hierarchy Steepness Affect Coordination in Project-Based Organizations? A Social Network Analysis. Project management journal, 54(3), 306-321. https://doi.org/10.1177/87569728221150897
[59] MEM, J. L. S., Niamat Ullah Ibne Hossain PhD, M., & MEM, L. F. (2022). Project management: engineering vs. Non-engineering. Proceedings of the International Annual Conference of the American Society for Engineering Management., 1-8. https://www.proquest.com/openview/41f50656a7c3079a91d37634740d4232/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2037614
[60] Prakhov, I. (2023). Indicators of higher education quality and salaries of university graduates in Russia. International Journal of Educational Development, 99, 102771. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2023.102771
[61] Slaughter, S. A., Ang, S., & Fong Boh, W. (2007). Firm‐specific human capital and compensation organizational tenure profiles: An archival analysis of salary data for it. Human Resource Management: Published in Cooperation with the School of Business Administration, The University of Michigan and in alliance with the Society of Human Resources Management, 46(3), 373-394. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.20169
[62] Greer, T. W., & Carden, L. L. (2021). Exploring the gender wage gap among project managers: A multi-national analysis of human capital and national policies. International Journal of Project Management, 39(1), 21-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2020.09.004
[63] Hays. (2023). 2023 U.S. Salary Guide the Great Disconnect. https://www.hays.com/documents/d/hays-usa/2023-hays-us-salary_guide
[64] Cormier, T. (2023). Salary review of strength and conditioning coaches: 2022 survey results. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 45(3), 367-370. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000780
[65] Holtom, B., Baruch, Y., Aguinis, H., & A Ballinger, G. (2022). Survey response rates: Trends and a validity assessment framework. Human relations, 75(8), 1560-1584. https://doi.org/10.1177/00187267211070769
[66] Csurgó, B., & Kovách, I. (2016). The LEADER Programme in Hungary–Bottom-up Development with Top-down Control? 1. In Evaluating the European approach to rural development (pp. 53-77). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315581194
[67] Oblath, G., & Simonovits, A. (2024). Statistical overstatement of average wages and its impact on pensions: The case of Hungary. Acta Oeconomica, 74(4), 445-461. https://doi.org/10.1556/032.2024.00021
[68] Bryman, A. (2016). Social research methods. Oxford university press. https://search.worldcat.org/title/1012878111
[69] Barbosa, M. W., Carrasco, S. I. M., & Abarca, P. C. R. (2022). The effect of enterprise risk management competencies on students’ perceptions of their work readiness. The International Journal of Management Education, 20(2), 100638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2022.100638
[70] Dattero, R., Galup, S. D., Kan, A., & Quan, J. (2017). It pays to be agile. Journal of Computer Information Systems, 57(3), 252-257. https://doi.org/10.1080/14659891.2016.1184025
[71] Békés, G., & Kézdi, G. (2021). Data analysis for business, economics, and policy. Cambridge University Press. https://gabors-data-analysis.com/files/Ch10_Bekes_Kezdi_draft_2020nov.pdf
[72] Ananth, C. V., & Kleinbaum, D. G. (1997). Regression models for ordinal responses: a review of methods and applications. International journal of epidemiology, 26(6), 1323-1333. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/26.6.1323
[73] Chatterjee, S., & Hadi, A. S. (2015). Regression analysis by example. John Wiley & Sons. http://dspace.lib.uom.gr/handle/2159/30342
[74] García de Soto, B., Adey, B. T., & Fernando, D. (2014). A process for the development and evaluation of preliminary construction material quantity estimation models using backward elimination regression and neural networks. Journal of Cost Analysis and Parametrics, 7(3), 180-218. https://doi.org/10.1080/1941658X.2014.984880
[75] Vu, D. H., Muttaqi, K. M., & Agalgaonkar, A. P. (2015). A variance inflation factor and backward elimination based robust regression model for forecasting monthly electricity demand using climatic variables. Applied Energy, 140, 385-394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.12.011
[76] Locatelli, G., Zerjav, V., & Klein, G. (2020). Project transitions—Navigating across strategy, delivery, use, and decommissioning. In (Vol. 51, pp. 467-473): SAGE Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA. https://doi.org/10.1177/8756972820953976
[77] Stocker, M., & Várkonyi, L. (2022). Impact of market orientation on competitiveness: Analysis of internationalized medium-sized and large enterprises. Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review, 10(1), 81-95. https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=1063265
[78] Willumsen, P. L., Oehmen, J., & Selim, H. M. R. (2024). Project risk management in practice: the actuality of project risk management in organizations. International Journal of Managing Projects in Business, 17(4/5), 593-617. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJMPB-09-2023-0214
[79] Wysocki, R. K. (2019). Effective project management : traditional, agile, extreme, hybrid (8th ed.). Wiley. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781119562757
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Decision Making: Applications in Management and Engineering

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.